{"id":4838,"date":"2015-04-04T17:10:52","date_gmt":"2015-04-04T21:10:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?p=4838"},"modified":"2016-11-20T14:55:42","modified_gmt":"2016-11-20T19:55:42","slug":"on-the-invisible-architecture-of-bias-audio-text","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?p=4838","title":{"rendered":"On The Invisible Architecture of Bias (Audio &#038; Text)"},"content":{"rendered":"<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-4838-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/AFWTA-2On-The-Invisible-Architecture-of-Bias.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/AFWTA-2On-The-Invisible-Architecture-of-Bias.mp3\">https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/AFWTA-2On-The-Invisible-Architecture-of-Bias.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<p>by Damien Patrick Williams<\/p>\n<p><em>(Originally posted on Patreon, on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.patreon.com\/creation?hid=1013087\" target=\"_blank\">September 30, 2014<\/a>; <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/AFWTA-2On-The-Invisible-Architecture-of-Bias.mp3\">Direct Link to the Mp3<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Today I want us to talk about a concept I like to call \u201cThe Invisible Architecture of Bias.\u201d A bit of this discussion will have appeared elsewhere, but I felt it was high time I stitched a lot of these thoughts together, and used them as a platform to dive deep into one overarching idea. What I mean is that I\u2019ve mentioned this concept before, and I\u2019ve even used the thinking behind it to bring our attention to a great many issues in technology, race, gender, sexuality, and society, but I have not yet fully and clearly laid out a definition for the phrase, itself. Well, not <i>here<\/i>, at any rate.<\/p>\n<p>Back in the days of a more lively LiveJournal I talked about the genesis of the phrase \u201cThe Invisible Architecture of Bias,\u201d and, as I said there, I first came up with it back in 2010, in a conversation with my friend Rebekah, and it describes the assumptions we make and the forces that shape us so deeply that we don&#8217;t merely assume them, we <b><i>live<\/i><\/b> in them. It\u2019s what we would encounter if we asked a 7th generation farmer in a wheat-farming community \u201cWhy do you farm wheat?\u201d The question you\u2019re asking is so fundamentally contra the Fact Of Their Lives that they can&#8217;t hear it or even think of an actual answer. It simply is the world in which they live.<\/p>\n<p>David Foster Wallace, in his piece \u201cThis is Water,\u201d recounts the following joke: \u201cThere are these two young fish swimming along and they happen to meet an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, <i>\u2018Morning, boys; how\u2019s the water?\u2019<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnd the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, <i>\u2018What the hell is water?\u2019<\/i>\u201d<\/p>\n<p>That reaction is why it\u2019s the <b><i>Invisible<\/i><\/b> Architecture of Bias, because we don\u2019t even, <b><i>can\u2019t<\/i><\/b> even <b><i>think about<\/i><\/b> the reasons behind the structure of the house\u2014the nature of the <b><i>reality<\/i><\/b>\u2014in which we live, until we\u2019re <b><i>forced<\/i><\/b> to come to think about it. That is, until either we train ourselves to become aware of it after something innocuous catches the combined intersection of our unconscious and aesthetic attention\u2014piques our curiosity\u2014or until something goes terribly, catastrophically wrong.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019ve talked before about what\u2019s known as \u201cNormalization\u201d\u2014the process of that which is merely common becoming seen as \u201cThe Norm\u201d and of that norm coming to be seen as \u201cright,\u201d and \u201cgood.\u201d Leaving aside Mr. David Hume\u2019s proof that you can\u2019t validly infer a prescription of what \u201cought to be\u201d from a <b><i>description<\/i><\/b> of what merely is, normalization is an insidious process, in and of itself. It preys upon our almost-species-wide susceptibility to familiarity. One of the major traits of the human brain is a predilection toward patterns. Pattern making, pattern-matching, and pattern appreciating are all things we think of as \u201cgood\u201d and \u201cright,\u201d because they\u2019re what we tend to <b><i>do<\/i><\/b>. We do them so much, in fact, that we\u2019ve even gone about telling ourselves a series of evolutionary Just-So Stories about how our ability to appreciate patterns is likely what accounts for our dominance as a species on Earth.<\/p>\n<p>But even these words, and the meaning behind them, are rooted in the self-same assumptions\u2014assumptions about what\u2019s true, about what\u2019s right, and about what <b><i>is<\/i><\/b><i>.<\/i> And while the experience of something challenging our understanding of what\u2019s good and right and normal can make acutely aware of what we <b><i>expected<\/i><\/b> to be the case, this doesn\u2019t mean that we\u2019re then ready, willing, and able to <b><i>change<\/i><\/b> those assumptions. Quite the opposite, in fact, as we usually tend to double down on those assumptions, to crouch and huddle into them, the better to <b><i>avoid ever questioning them<\/i><\/b><i>.<\/i> We like to protect our patterns, you see, because they\u2019re the foundation and the rock from which we craft our world. The problem is, if that foundation\u2019s flawed, then whatever we build upon it is eventually going to shift, and crack. And personally, I\u2019d rather work to build a more adaptable foundation, than try to convince people that a pile of rubble is a perfectly viable house.<\/p>\n<p>In case it wasn\u2019t clear, yet, I think a lot of people are doing that second one.<\/p>\n<p>So let\u2019s spend some time talking about how we come to accept and even depend on those shaky assumptions. Let\u2019s talk about the structures of society which consciously and unconsciously guide the decision-making processes of people like departmental faculty hiring committees, the people who award funding grants, cops, jurors, judges, DA&#8217;s, the media in their reportage, and especially you and me. Because <b><i>we<\/i><\/b> are the people who are, every day, consuming and attempting to process a fire hose\u2019s worth of information. Information that gets held up to and turned around in the light of what we already believe and know, and then more like than not gets categorized and sorted into pre-existing boxes. But these boxes aren\u2019t without their limitations and detriments. For instance, if we want to, we can describe <b><i>anything<\/i><\/b> as a relational dichotomy, but to do so will place us within the realm and rules of the particular dialectic at hand.<\/p>\n<p>For the sake of this example, consider that the more you talk in terms of \u201cLiberty\u201d and \u201cTyranny,\u201d the more you show yourself as having accepted a) the definitions of those terms in relationship with one another and b) the \u201ccorrect\u201d mode of their perceived conflict\u2019s resolution. The latter is something <b><i>others<\/i><\/b> have laid down <b><i>for<\/i><\/b> you. But there <b><i>is<\/i><\/b> a way around this, and that\u2019s by working to see a larger picture. If Freedom and Restriction are your dichotomy, then what\u2019s the larger system in which they exist and from which they take their meaning?<\/p>\n<p>Now some might say that the idea of a \u201clarger structure\u201d is only ever the fantasy of a deluded mind, and others might say it is the secret truth which has been hidden from us by controlling Illuminati overlords, but at a basic level, to subscribe to either view is to buy the dichotomy and ignore the dialectic. You\u2019re still locked <b><i>into<\/i><\/b> the pattern, and you\u2019re ignoring its edges.<\/p>\n<p>Every preference you have\u2014everything you love, or want, or like the taste of, or fear, or hate\u2014 is something you\u2019ve been taught to prefer, and some of those things you\u2019ve been taught so completely and for so long to prefer that you don\u2019t even recognise <b><i>that<\/i><\/b> you\u2019ve been taught to prefer them. You just think it\u2019s \u201cright\u201d and \u201cNatural\u201d that you prefer these things. That this is the world around you, and you don\u2019t think to investigate it\u2014let alone critique it\u2014because, in your mind, it\u2019s just \u201cThe World.\u201d This extends to everything from gender norms; expectations regarding recommended levels of diet and physical activity; women in the military; entertainment; fashion; geek culture; the recapitulation of racism in photographic technology; our enculturated responses to the <b><i>progress<\/i><\/b> of technology; race; and sexuality.<\/p>\n<p>Now, chances are you encountered some members of that list and you thought some variant on two things, depending on the item; either 1) \u201cWell <i>obviously<\/i>, that\u2019s a problem,\u201d or 2) \u201cWait, <i>how<\/i> is that a problem?\u201d There <i>is<\/i> the possibility that you also thought a third thing: \u201cI think I can see how that might be a problem, but I can\u2019t quite place why.\u201d So, if you thought things one or two, then congratulations! Here are some of your uninvestigated biases! If you thought thing three (and I hope that you did), then good, because that kind of itching, niggling sensation that there\u2019s something wrong that you <i>just can\u2019t quite suss out<\/i> is one of the best places to start. You\u2019re open to the possibility of change in your understanding of how the world works, and a bit more likely to be willing to accept that what\u2019s wrong is something from which you\u2019ve benefitted or in which you\u2019ve been complicit, for a very long time. That\u2019s a good start; much better than the alternative.<\/p>\n<p>Now this was going to be the place where I was going to outline several different studies on ableism, racism, sexism, gender bias, homophobia, transphobia, and so on. I was going to lay out the stats on the likelihood of female service members being sexually assaulted in the military; and the history of the colour pink and how it used to be a boy\u2019s colour until a particular advertising push swapped it to blue; and how recent popular discussion of the dangers of sitting\/a sedentary lifestyle and the corresponding admonishment that we \u201cneed to get up and move around\u201d don\u2019t really take into account people who, y\u2019know, <b><i>can\u2019t<\/i><\/b>; and how we\u2019re more willing to admit the possibility of mythological species in games and movies than we are for their gender, sexual, or racial coding to be other than what we consider \u201cNormal;\u201d and how most people forget that black people make up the largest single ethnic group within the LGTBQIA community; and how strange the conceptual baggage is in society\u2019s unwillingness to compare a preference and practice of fundamentally queer-coded polyamoury to the heteronormative a) idealization of the m\u00e9nage-a-trois and b) institution of \u201cdating.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>I say I <b><i>was<\/i><\/b> going to go into all of that, and exhort you all to take all of this information out into the world to convince them all\u2026! \u2026But then I found this study that shows how when people are confronted with evidence that shakes our biases? We double down on those biases.<\/p>\n<p>Yeah. See above.<\/p>\n<p>The study <b><i>specifically<\/i><\/b> shows that white people who are confronted with evidence that the justice system is not equally weighted in its treatment across all racial and ethnic groups\u2014people who are <b><i>clearly shown<\/i><\/b> that cops, judges, lawyers, <b><i>and juries<\/i><\/b> exhibit <b><i>vastly different responses<\/i><\/b> when confronted with white defendants than they do when confronted with Black or Hispanic defendants\u2014do not respond as we all like to think that we would, when we\u2019re confronted with evidence that casts our assumptions into doubt. Overwhelmingly, those people did <b><i>not<\/i><\/b> say, \u201cMan. That is <b><i>Fucked<\/i><\/b>. <b><i>Up<\/i><\/b>. I should really keep a look out for those behaviours in myself, so I don\u2019t make things <b><i>so much worse<\/i><\/b> for people who are already having a shitty time of it. In fact, I\u2019ll do some extra work to try to make their lives <b><i>less shitty.<\/i><\/b>\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Instead, those studied over<b><i>whelm<\/i><\/b>ingly said, \u201cThe System Is Fair. If You Were Punished, You Must Have Done Something Wrong.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>They <b><i>locked themselves even further into the system.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p>You see how maddening that is? Again, I\u2019ve seen this happen as I\u2019ve watched people who benefit from the existing power structures in this world cling so very tightly to the idea that the game can\u2019t be rigged, the system can\u2019t be unjust, because they&#8217;ve lived their lives under its shelter and in its thrall, playing by the rules it\u2019s laid out. Because if they question <b><i>it<\/i><\/b>, then they have to question <b><i>themselves<\/i><\/b>. How are they complicit, how have they unknowingly done harm, how has the playing field been so uneven for everyone? And those questions are challenging. They\u2019re what we like to call \u201contological shocks\u201d and \u201cepistemic threats.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Simply put, epistemic threats are threats to your knowledge of the world and your way of thinking, and ontological shocks are threats to what you think is Real and possible. Epistemic threats challenge what you think you know as true, and if we are honest then they should happen to us every day. A new class, new books, new writings, a conversation with a friend you haven\u2019t heard from in months\u2014everything you encounter should be capable of shaking your view of the world. But we need knowledge, right? Again, we need patterns and foundations, and our beliefs and knowledge allow us to build those. When we shake those knowledge forms and those beliefs, then we are shaking the building blocks of what is real. Once we\u2019ve done that, we have escalated into the realm of ontological shocks, threats, terror, and violence.<\/p>\n<p>The scene in the Matrix where Agent Smith seals Neo\u2019s mouth shut? That\u2019s a prime example of someone undergoing an Ontological Shock, but they can be more subtle than that. They can be a new form of art, a new style of music, a new explanation for old data that challenges the metaphysical foundations of the world in which we live. Again, if we are honest, this shouldn\u2019t terrify us, shouldn\u2019t <b><i>threaten<\/i><\/b> us, and yet, every time we encounter one of these things, our instinct is to wrap ourselves in the very thing they challenge. Why?<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019re presented with an epistemic or ontological threat and we have a fear reaction, we have a hate reaction, a distaste, a displeasure, an annoyance: Why? What is it about that thing, about us, about the world as it has been presented that makes our intersection with that thing\/person\/situation what it is? It\u2019s because, ultimately, the ease of our doubling-down, our folding into the fabric of our biases works like this: if the world from which we benefit and on which we depend is shown to be unjust, then that must mean that <b><i>we are unjust<\/i><\/b>. But that\u2019s a conflation of the attributes of the system with the attributes of its components, and that is what we call the Fallacy of Division. All the ants in the world weigh more than all the elephants in the world, but that doesn\u2019t mean that each ant weighs more than each elephant. It\u2019s only by the <b><i>interaction<\/i><\/b> of the category\u2019s <b><i>components<\/i><\/b> that the category can even come to be, let alone have the attributes it has. We need to learn to separate the fact of our existence and complicity within a system from the idea that that mere fact is somehow a value judgment <b><i>on us<\/i><\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>So your assumptions were wrong, or incomplete. So your beliefs weren\u2019t fully formed, or you didn\u2019t have all the relevant data. So what? I didn\u2019t realise you were omniscient, thus making any failure of knowledge a personal and permanent failure, on your part. I didn\u2019t realise that the truth of the fact that we all exist in and (to varying degrees) benefit from a racist, sexist, generally prejudicial system would make <b><i>each and every one of us <\/i><\/b>A Racist, A Sexist, or A Generally and Actively Prejudiced Person.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019d be like saying that because we exist within and benefit from a plant-based biosphere, we ourselves must be plants.<\/p>\n<p>The value judgement only comes when the nature of the system is clear\u2014when we can see how all the pieces fit together, and can puzzle out the narrative and even something like a way to dismantle the structure\u2014and yet we do nothing about it. And so we have to ask ourselves: Could my assumptions and beliefs be otherwise? Of course they <b><i>could have<\/i><\/b>, but they only ever <b><i>can<\/i><\/b> if we first admit the possibility that a) there are things we do not know, and b) we have extant assumptions preventing us from seeing what those things are. What would that possibility mean? What would it take for us to change those assumptions? How can we become <b><i>more than we presently are<\/i><\/b>?<\/p>\n<p>So, I\u2019ve <b><i>tended<\/i><\/b> to think that we can only force ourselves into the investigation of invisible architectures of bias by highlighting the disparities in application of the law, societal norms, grouped expectations, and the reactions of systems of authority in the same. What I\u2019m saying now, however, is that, in the face of the evidence that people double down on their biases, I\u2019ve come to suspect this may not be the best use of our time. I know, I know: that\u2019s weird to say, 2600 words into the process of what was ostensibly me doing just exactly that. But the fact is this exercise was only ever going to be me preaching to the proverbial choir.<\/p>\n<p>You and I already know that if we do not confront and account for these proven biases, they will guide our thought processes and we will think of those processes as \u201cnormal,\u201d because they are unquestioned and they are uninvestigated, because they are unnoticed and they are active. We already know that our unquestioning support of these things, both directly and indirectly, is what gives them power over us, power to direct our actions and create the frameworks in which our lives can play out, all while we think of ourselves as \u201cfree\u201d and \u201cchoosing.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>We already know that any time we ask \u201cwell what was <b><i>this<\/i><\/b> person doing wrong to deserve getting shot\/charged with murder\/raped\/etc,\u201d that we inherently dismiss the power of extant, unexamined bias in the minds of those doing the shooting, the charging, the judging of the rape victim. We already know that our biases exist in us and in our society, but that they aren\u2019t <b><i>called<\/i><\/b> \u201cbiases.\u201d They aren\u2019t called anything. They\u2019re just \u201cThe Way Things Are.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>We don\u2019t need to be told to remember at every step of the way that nothing simply \u201cIS\u201d \u201ca way.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But the minds of those <b><i>in<\/i><\/b> or who benefit <b><i>from<\/i><\/b> authority\u2014from heteronormativity, and cissexism, and all forms of ableism, and racism, and misogyny, and transmisogyny, and bi-erasure\u2014do everything they can\u2014consciously or not\u2014to create and maintain those structures which keep them in the good graces of that authority. The struggle against their complicity is difficult to maintain, but it\u2019s most difficult to even <b><i>begin<\/i><\/b>, as it means questioning the foundation of every assumption about \u201cThe Way Things Are.\u201d The people without (here meaning both \u201clacking\u201d and \u201coutside the protections of\u201d) that authority can either a) capitulate to it, in hopes that it does not injure them <b><i>too<\/i><\/b> badly, or b) stand against it at every turn they can manage, until such time as authority and power are not seen as zero-sum games, and are shared amongst all of us.<\/p>\n<p>See for reference: fighters for civil rights throughout history.<\/p>\n<p>But I honestly <b><i>don\u2019t know how<\/i><\/b> to combat that shell of wilful and chosen ignorance, other than by chipping away at it, daily. I don\u2019t know how to get people to recognise that these structures are at work, other than by throwing sand on the invisible steps, like I\u2019m Dr Henry Jones, Jr., PhD, to try to give everyone a clearer path. So, here. Let\u2019s do the hard work of making unignorable the nature of how our assumptions can control us. Let\u2019s try to make the Invisible Architecture of Bias <b><i>super<\/i><\/b> Visible.<\/p>\n<p><b>1<\/b><b>st<\/b><b> Example:<\/b> In December 2013 in Texas, a guy, suspected of drugs, has his house entered on a no-knock warrant. Guy, fearing for his life, shoots one of the intruders, in accordance with Texas law. Intruder dies.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIntruder\u201d was a cop.<\/p>\n<p>Drugs\u2014The Stated Purpose of the No-Knock\u2014are <b><i>found<\/i><\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Guy was out on bail pending trial for drug charges, but was <b><i>cleared<\/i><\/b> of murder by the grand jury who declared that he performed \u201ca completely reasonable act of self-defence.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Guy is white.<\/p>\n<p><b>2<\/b><b>nd<\/b><b> Example:<\/b> In May 2014 in Texas, a guy, suspected of drugs, has his house entered on a no-knock warrant. Guy, fearing for his life, shoots one of the intruders, in accordance with Texas law. Intruder dies.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIntruder\u201d was a cop.<\/p>\n<p>Drugs\u2014The Stated Purpose of the No-Knock\u2014are <b><i>not found<\/i><\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Guy is currently awaiting trial on <b><i>capital murder charges<\/i><\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Guy is, of course, black.<\/p>\n<p>Now I want to make it clear that I\u2019m not exactly talking about what a decent lawyer should be able to do for the latter gentleman\u2019s case, in light of the former case; I\u2019m not worried about that part. Well, what I mean is that I <b><i>AM WORRIED ABOUT THAT<\/i><\/b>, but moreover that worry exists as a by-product in light of the architecture of thought that led to the initial disparity in those two grand jury pronouncements.<\/p>\n<p>As a bit of a refresher, grand juries determine not guilt or innocence but <b><i>whether<\/i><\/b> to <b><i>try<\/i><\/b> a case, <b><i>at all<\/i><\/b>. To quote from the article on criminal.findlaw.com, \u201cunder normal courtroom rules of evidence, exhibits and other testimony must adhere to strict rules before admission. However, a grand jury has broad power to see and hear almost anything they would like.\u201d Both of these cases occurred in Texas and the reasoning of the two shooters and the subsequent events on the sites of their arrests were nearly identical except for a) whether drugs were found, and b) their race.<\/p>\n<p>So now, let\u2019s Ask Some More Questions. Questions like \u201cIn the case of the Black suspect, what kind of things did the grand jury ask to see, and what did the prosecution choose to show?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>And \u201cHow did these things differ from the kinds of things the grand jury chose to ask for and the prosecution chose to show in the case of the White suspect?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>And \u201c<b><i>Why<\/i><\/b> were these kinds of things different, if they were?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Because the answer to that last question isn&#8217;t \u201cthey just were, is all.\u201d That&#8217;s a cop-out that seeks to curtail the investigation of people\u2019s motivations before as many reasons and biases as possible can be examined, and it\u2019s <b><i>that tendency<\/i><\/b> that we\u2019ve been talking about. The tendency to shy away in the face of stark comparisons like:<\/p>\n<p>A no-knock warrant for drugs executed on a white guy turned up drugs and said guy killed a cop; that guy is cleared of murder by a grand jury.<\/p>\n<p>A no-knock warrant for drugs executed on a black guy turned up <b><i>no drugs<\/i><\/b> and said guy killed a cop; that guy is put on trial for murder by a grand jury.<\/p>\n<p>At the end of the day, we need to come up with methods to respond to those of us who stubbornly refuse to see how shifting the burden of proof to the groups of people who traditionally have no power and authority only <b><i>reinforces<\/i><\/b> the systemic structures of bias and oppression that lead to things like police abuses and juries doling out higher sentences to oppressed groups for the same kinds of crimes\u2014<b><i>or lesser crimes<\/i><\/b>, as in the case of the trail record of the infamous \u201cAffluenza\u201d judge\u2014as those committed by suspects who benefit from extant systems of authority or power. We need to get us to compare rates and length of incarceration for women and men who kill their spouses, and to not forget to look at the reasons they tend to. We need to think about the ways in which gender presentation in the sciences can determine the kinds of career path guidance a person is given.<\/p>\n<p>We need to ask ourselves this: \u201cWhat kind of questions am I quickest to ask, and why is it easier to ask those kinds of questions?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Every system that exists requires the input and maintenance of the components <b><i>of<\/i><\/b> the system, in order to <b><i>continue <\/i><\/b>to exist. Whether intentional and explicit or coincidentally implicit\u2014or any combination of the four\u2014we are all <b><i>com<\/i><\/b>plicit in holding up the walls of these structures. And so I can promise you that the status quo needs <b><i>everyone\u2019s<\/i><\/b> help to stay the status quo, and that it\u2019s hoping that some significant portion of all of us will <b><i>never realise that<\/i><\/b>. So our only hope is to account for the reality structures created by our biases\u2014and the disgraceful short-sightedness those structures and biases impose\u2014to find a way to use their tendencies for self-reinforcement <b><i>against<\/i><\/b> them, and keep working in our ways to make sure that <b><i>everyone does<\/i><\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Because if we <b><i>do<\/i><\/b> see these structures, and we <b><i>do<\/i><\/b> want to <b><i>change<\/i><\/b> them, then one thing that we can do is work to show them to more and more people, so that, together, we can do the hard and unending work of building and living in a better kind of world.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><b>References:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Links to a great many seriously upsetting statistics<\/b>:<a href=\"http:\/\/lordbape.tumblr.com\/post\/93357010164\/killed-for-being-black-theres-more-black-on-white\"> http:\/\/lordbape.tumblr.com\/post\/93357010164\/killed-for-being-black-theres-more-black-on-white<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201cMichael Brown, Ferguson, and The Logic of Slavery<\/b>\u201d:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.racefiles.com\/2014\/08\/20\/michael-brown-ferguson-and-the-logic-of-slavery\/\"> http:\/\/www.racefiles.com\/2014\/08\/20\/michael-brown-ferguson-and-the-logic-of-slavery\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>Four Youths Claimed to Have Committed Suicide, With Guns. While in Police Custody. And Handcuffed<\/b>:<a href=\"https:\/\/38.media.tumblr.com\/bc066f62b8cb99b0c8b2e0aefa87abac\/tumblr_naxi6iOfOu1qkoj3co1_500.jpg\"> https:\/\/38.media.tumblr.com\/bc066f62b8cb99b0c8b2e0aefa87abac\/tumblr_naxi6iOfOu1qkoj3co1_500.jpg<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>Shaun King on The Murder of John Crawford, III, and How it Fits into American Society<\/b>:<a href=\"http:\/\/poldberg.tumblr.com\/post\/97152925423\/while-there-is-a-lot-of-appropriate-rage-about\"> http:\/\/poldberg.tumblr.com\/post\/97152925423\/while-there-is-a-lot-of-appropriate-rage-about<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Also:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/sep\/07\/ohio-black-man-killed-by-police-walmart-doubts-cast-witnesss-account\"> Autopsy and video show John Crawford shot from behind in Wal-Mart<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Also:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theroot.com\/articles\/culture\/2014\/09\/witness_in_john_crawford_iii_shooting_changes_story.html\"> Witness in murder of John Crawford changes story<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201cActress Daniel Watts Wrongfully Detained on Accusations of Prostitution\u201d<\/b>:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.forharriet.com\/2014\/09\/actress-daniele-watts-wrongfully.html?m=1\"> http:\/\/www.forharriet.com\/2014\/09\/actress-daniele-watts-wrongfully.html?m=1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>A Non-Famous Person Recounts Several Similar Experiences<\/b>:<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/FunSizeBytes\/timelines\/511261473046528001\"> https:\/\/twitter.com\/FunSizeBytes\/timelines\/511261473046528001<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201cBlack Boys Viewed as Older, Less Innocent Than Whites, Research Finds; Police likelier to use force against black children when officers \u2018dehumanize\u2019 blacks, study says\u201d: <\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.apa.org\/news\/press\/releases\/2014\/03\/black-boys-older.aspx\">http:\/\/www.apa.org\/news\/press\/releases\/2014\/03\/black-boys-older.aspx<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201cMen And Women Appear To Suffer Pain Differently. So Do Blacks And Whites. Modern Medicine Has Trouble Even Talking About It.\u201d<\/b><\/li>\n<li>&#8216;Paradoxically, the same groups accused of insensitivity often were also said to respond to pain with insufficient stoicism. Black people\u2019s supposed indifference to pain was used to justify colonization and slavery; at the same time, slaves were often accused of overreacting to pain. Bourke looked as far back as the 18th century and found that some groups were accused of widely disparate kinds of \u201cimproper\u201d pain responses practically all at the same time. \u201cIt\u2019s a really a Catch-22,\u201d she said. \u201cThey\u2019re either not really feeling, and it\u2019s just reflexes, or they\u2019re feeling too much and it\u2019s exaggerated or it\u2019s hysterical.&#8217; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/ideas\/2014\/06\/14\/don-feel-your-pain\/cIrKD5czM0pgZQv7PgCmxI\/story.html\">http:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/ideas\/2014\/06\/14\/don-feel-your-pain\/cIrKD5czM0pgZQv7PgCmxI\/story.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u2018\u201c<\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/12\/14\/us\/teenagers-sentence-in-fatal-drunken-driving-case-stirs-affluenza-debate.html?_r=0\"><b>Affluenza<\/b><\/a><b>\u201d Judge Gave 14-Year Old Black Boy 10 Years in Prison for a Far Lesser Crime\u2019<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>\u2018Race As A Social Construct: Resisting The &#8220;Pseudo-Science&#8221; Of Race\u2019<\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/minerva.stkate.edu\/people.nsf\/files\/mina-82v8bu\/%24file\/inclusivescience.pdf\"> http:\/\/minerva.stkate.edu\/people.nsf\/files\/mina-82v8bu\/%24file\/inclusivescience.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201cWhat We Mean When We Say &#8216;Race Is a Social Construct&#8217;\u201d<\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/national\/archive\/2013\/05\/what-we-mean-when-we-say-race-is-a-social-construct\/275872\/\"> http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/national\/archive\/2013\/05\/what-we-mean-when-we-say-race-is-a-social-construct\/275872\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201c&#8217;Racism&#8217; Of Early Colour Photography Explored In Art Exhibition: Artists Spent A Month In South Africa Taking Pictures On Decades-Old Film Engineered With Only White Faces In Mind\u201d<br \/>\n<\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/artanddesign\/2013\/jan\/25\/racism-colour-photography-exhibition\">http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/artanddesign\/2013\/jan\/25\/racism-colour-photography-exhibition<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201c<\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/thelibertarianrepublic.com\/texas-man-wont-prosecuted-killing-cop-knock-raid\/\"><b>Texas Man Won\u2019t Be Prosecuted For Killing Cop In No-Knock Raid<\/b><\/a><b>\u201d<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201c[Texas Man Being Prosecuted For Capital Murder After] SWAT Officer Shot In The Face Breaking Into Window During No-Knock Raid\u201d: <\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/l.facebook.com\/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policestateusa.com%2F2014%2Fkilleen-texas-fatal-raid%2F&amp;h=0AQF5fP5s&amp;enc=AZPTb7JDq3B1-K5WIioLLlXXSo8K2391oXsjtshsxLbe9Yvjlxcn4kWOgro4rHuRgbK6fXxb143h-iYTNpxRJICZpgkC-bASkN6KZaydx3ZXwOlItZo47TSP_vKjjMbLAwlB-ATP5CAQ0_Z_A3oB0IEL&amp;s=1\">http:\/\/www.policestateusa.com\/2014\/killeen-texas-fatal-raid\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/thehairpin.com\/2014\/04\/professors-love-answering-cold-emails-from-white-dudes-meh-on-everyone-else\"><b>Professors Love Answering Cold Emails from White Dudes, &#8220;Meh&#8221; on Everyone Else<\/b><\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/double_x\/doublex\/2014\/05\/_yesallwomen_in_the_wake_of_elliot_rodger_why_it_s_so_hard_for_men_to_recognize.html\"><b>Why It\u2019s So Hard For Men To See Misogyny<\/b><\/a>\u201d<br \/>\n<b>\u201cStraight White Male: The Lowest Difficulty Setting There Is\u201d<\/b> \u2018So, the challenge: how to get across the ideas bound up in the word \u201cprivilege,\u201d in a way that your average straight white man will get, without freaking out about it?<br \/>\n\u2018Being a white guy who likes women, here\u2019s how I would do it\u2026\u2019<a href=\"http:\/\/whatever.scalzi.com\/2012\/05\/15\/straight-white-male-the-lowest-difficulty-setting-there-is\/\"> http:\/\/whatever.scalzi.com\/2012\/05\/15\/straight-white-male-the-lowest-difficulty-setting-there-is\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201cGirls and boys\u2019 differing understanding of when to talk, when to be quiet, what is polite and so on, has a visible impact on the dynamics of the classroom. <\/b>Just as men dominate the floor in business meetings, academic conferences and so on, so little boys dominate in the classroom &#8211; and little girls let them.\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/voices\/yourvoice\/classroom_talk.shtml\"> http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/voices\/yourvoice\/classroom_talk.shtml<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201cNPR- Casting Call: Hollywood Needs More Women\u201d<br \/>\n<\/b>\u201cMy theory is that since all anybody has seen, when they are growing up, is this big imbalance &#8211; that the movies that they&#8217;ve watched are about, let&#8217;s say, 5 to 1, as far as female presence is concerned &#8211; that&#8217;s what starts to look normal. And let&#8217;s think about &#8211; in different segments of society, 17 percent of cardiac surgeons are women; 17 percent of tenured professors are women. It just goes on and on. And isn&#8217;t that strange that that&#8217;s also the percentage of women in crowd scenes in movies? What if we&#8217;re actually training people to see that ratio as normal so that when you&#8217;re an adult, you don&#8217;t notice?\u201d -Geena Davis<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/transcript\/transcript.php?storyId=197390707\">http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/transcript\/transcript.php?storyId=197390707<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>PBS \u201cLanguage Myth # 6: Women Talk Too Much\u201d<br \/>\n<\/b>\u201cNo, they don\u2019t. Rather, they don\u2019t in every situation. Social context and relative power determine who talks more, men or women. Janet Holmes sets the record straight and establishes the reasons for the lingering myth of female chattiness. (The research cited in this essay was first published in 1999.)\u201d: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/speak\/speech\/prejudice\/women\/\">http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/speak\/speech\/prejudice\/women\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>Continual Depictions of ONLY MALE Cardiac Arrest on Television colour what we expect ALL CARDIAC ARREST to look like<\/b>:<a href=\"http:\/\/feministing.com\/2012\/02\/23\/for-women-heart-attacks-look-different-and-so-do-heart-health-outcomes\/\"> http:\/\/feministing.com\/2012\/02\/23\/for-women-heart-attacks-look-different-and-so-do-heart-health-outcomes\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>Lewis\u2019 Law<\/b>:<a href=\"http:\/\/wilwheaton.tumblr.com\/post\/61622240642\/birchbone-queensassyofthefatties-lewiss\"> http:\/\/wilwheaton.tumblr.com\/post\/61622240642\/birchbone-queensassyofthefatties-lewiss<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Audio of the Panel <b>\u201cGender, Race, and Identities in Comics,\u201d<\/b> from the Comics and Popular Arts Academic Conference at 2013\u2019s Dragon Con, with Presenters Kari Storla and Daniel Amrhein:<a href=\"http:\/\/thehangedman.com\/cpac-files\/02GenderRaceAndIdentitiesInComics.mp3\"> http:\/\/thehangedman.com\/cpac-files\/02GenderRaceAndIdentitiesInComics.mp3<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Audio of the Panel <b>\u201cRace, Gender, and Sexuality in Cosplay and Fandom,\u201d<\/b> from the Comics and Popular Arts Academic Conference at 2013\u2019s Dragon Con, with presenters John Flowers, Kari Storla, and Daniel Amrhein:<a href=\"http:\/\/thehangedman.com\/cpac-files\/05RaceGenderAndSexualityInCosplayAndFandom.m4a\"> http:\/\/thehangedman.com\/cpac-files\/05RaceGenderAndSexualityInCosplayAndFandom.m4a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>A Cartoon<\/b>:<a href=\"http:\/\/seriouslyamerica.tumblr.com\/post\/86909058080\/the-rugrats-dont-have-time-for-your\"> http:\/\/seriouslyamerica.tumblr.com\/post\/86909058080\/the-rugrats-dont-have-time-for-your<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201c<\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/bitchmagazine.org\/post\/queer-science-lgbt-scientists-discuss-coming-out-at-work\"><b>Queer Science: LGBT Scientists Discuss Coming Out at Work<\/b><\/a><b>.\u201d<\/b><\/li>\n<li>A reminder to think intersectionally, as it is often forgotten that<a href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2012\/10\/19\/black-gays-lgbt-community_n_1989859.html\"> <b>Black People Make Up Largest Share of LGBT Community<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>\u201cFrom Norma to Normalization\u201d<\/b>:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.patreon.com\/creation?alert=2&amp;hid=635526\"> http:\/\/www.patreon.com\/creation?alert=2&amp;hid=635526<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>David Hume and the Is-Ought Gap<\/b>:<a href=\"http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/hume-moral\/#io\"> http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/hume-moral\/#io<\/a><\/li>\n<li><b>Cosmic Anthropology Broadcast System #2, \u201cRoll Your Own Culture\u201d<br \/>\n<\/b>\u201c\u2026on building your own reality map\u201d:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/pir8m1k3y\/roll-your-own-culture-a-chat-with-gordon-white-of-runesoupcom\">https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/pir8m1k3y\/roll-your-own-culture-a-chat-with-gordon-white-of-runesoupcom<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Damien Patrick Williams (Originally posted on Patreon, on September 30, 2014; Direct Link to the Mp3) Today I want us to talk about a concept I like to call \u201cThe Invisible Architecture of Bias.\u201d A bit of this discussion will have appeared elsewhere, but I felt it was high time I stitched a lot [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[8,101,418,419,944,561,562,627,655,769],"class_list":["post-4838","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-a-future-worth-thinking-about","tag-bias","tag-invisible-architecture-of-bias","tag-invisible-architectures-of-bias","tag-my-voice","tag-my-work","tag-my-writing","tag-philosophy","tag-prejudice","tag-sociology"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5WByP-1g2","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1879,"url":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?p=1879","url_meta":{"origin":4838,"position":0},"title":"&#8220;A Future Worth Thinking About&#8221;","author":"Damien P. Williams","date":"January 31, 2015","format":"link","excerpt":"Good morning! Lots of new people around here, so I thought I\u2019d remind you that I have Patreon Project called \u201cA Future Worth Thinking About.\u201d It\u2019s a place where I talk a bit more formally about things like Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy, Sociology, Magick, Technology, and the intersections of all of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"A Future Worth Thinking About\"","block_context":{"text":"A Future Worth Thinking About","link":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?tag=a-future-worth-thinking-about"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5249,"url":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?p=5249","url_meta":{"origin":4838,"position":1},"title":"&#8220;We Built Them From Us&#8221;: My Appearance on the TEAM HUMAN Podcast","author":"Damien P. Williams","date":"February 22, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Earlier this month I was honoured to have the opportunity to sit and talk to Douglas Rushkoff on his TEAM HUMAN podcast. If you know me at all, you know this isn't by any means the only team for which I play, or even the only way I think about\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"algorithmic bias\"","block_context":{"text":"algorithmic bias","link":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?tag=algorithmic-bias"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5082,"url":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?p=5082","url_meta":{"origin":4838,"position":2},"title":"From WIRED: &#8220;Tech Giants Team Up to Keep AI From Getting Out of Hand&#8221;","author":"Damien P. Williams","date":"September 28, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"I spoke with Klint Finley over at WIRED about Amazon, Facebook, Google, IBM, and Microsoft's new joint ethics and oversight venture, which they've dubbed the \"Partnership on Artificial Intelligence to Benefit People and Society.\" They held a joint press briefing, today, in which Yann LeCun, Facebook's director of AI, and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"A Future Worth Thinking About\"","block_context":{"text":"A Future Worth Thinking About","link":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?tag=a-future-worth-thinking-about"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":5295,"url":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?p=5295","url_meta":{"origin":4838,"position":3},"title":"At HPE: &#8220;4 obstacles to ethical AI (and how to address them)&#8221;","author":"Damien P. Williams","date":"July 8, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"I talked with Hewlett Packard Enterprise's Curt Hopkins, for their article\u00a0\"4 obstacles to ethical AI (and how to address them).\" We spoke about the kinds of specific tools and techniques by which people who populate or manage artificial intelligence design teams can incorporate expertise from the humanities and social sciences.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"A Future Worth Thinking About\"","block_context":{"text":"A Future Worth Thinking About","link":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?tag=a-future-worth-thinking-about"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109005732\/https%3A\/\/www.hpe.com\/content\/dam\/hpe\/insights\/articles\/2018\/07\/4-obstacles-to-ethical-ai-and-how-to-address-them\/featuredStory\/How-to-fix-AI.jpg.transform\/nxt-1043x496-crop\/image.jpeg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109005732\/https%3A\/\/www.hpe.com\/content\/dam\/hpe\/insights\/articles\/2018\/07\/4-obstacles-to-ethical-ai-and-how-to-address-them\/featuredStory\/How-to-fix-AI.jpg.transform\/nxt-1043x496-crop\/image.jpeg?resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109005732\/https%3A\/\/www.hpe.com\/content\/dam\/hpe\/insights\/articles\/2018\/07\/4-obstacles-to-ethical-ai-and-how-to-address-them\/featuredStory\/How-to-fix-AI.jpg.transform\/nxt-1043x496-crop\/image.jpeg?resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201109005732\/https%3A\/\/www.hpe.com\/content\/dam\/hpe\/insights\/articles\/2018\/07\/4-obstacles-to-ethical-ai-and-how-to-address-them\/featuredStory\/How-to-fix-AI.jpg.transform\/nxt-1043x496-crop\/image.jpeg?resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5263,"url":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?p=5263","url_meta":{"origin":4838,"position":4},"title":"My Thoughts on &#8220;This Is America&#8221;","author":"Damien P. Williams","date":"May 9, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VYOjWnS4cMY \u00a0 Others have already examined the dances, the layering of images, so\u00a0 much else, but wanted to try to\u2026 evoke something of what I felt, watching this. The absolute bare minimum simplest way to interpret this working is as an attempt to force a reckoning with the fact of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"audio\"","block_context":{"text":"audio","link":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?tag=audio"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/VYOjWnS4cMY\/0.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":5282,"url":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?p=5282","url_meta":{"origin":4838,"position":5},"title":"On Social Tipping Points","author":"Damien P. Williams","date":"June 11, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"Last week, I talked to The Atlantic's Ed Yong about new research in crowd sentiment tipping points, how it could give hope and dread for those working for social change, and how it might be used by bad actors to create\/enhance already-extant sentiment-manipulation factories. From the article: \u2026\u201cYou see this\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"A Future Worth Thinking About\"","block_context":{"text":"A Future Worth Thinking About","link":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/?tag=a-future-worth-thinking-about"},"img":{"alt_text":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Argentina_-_Mt_Tronador_Ascent_-_65_-_Casa%C3%B1o_Overa_glacier_%286834408616%29.jpg\/640px-Argentina_-_Mt_Tronador_Ascent_-_65_-_Casa%C3%B1o_Overa_glacier_%286834408616%29.jpg","src":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Argentina_-_Mt_Tronador_Ascent_-_65_-_Casa%C3%B1o_Overa_glacier_%286834408616%29.jpg\/640px-Argentina_-_Mt_Tronador_Ascent_-_65_-_Casa%C3%B1o_Overa_glacier_%286834408616%29.jpg","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Argentina_-_Mt_Tronador_Ascent_-_65_-_Casa%C3%B1o_Overa_glacier_%286834408616%29.jpg\/640px-Argentina_-_Mt_Tronador_Ascent_-_65_-_Casa%C3%B1o_Overa_glacier_%286834408616%29.jpg 1x, https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/65\/Argentina_-_Mt_Tronador_Ascent_-_65_-_Casa%C3%B1o_Overa_glacier_%286834408616%29.jpg\/640px-Argentina_-_Mt_Tronador_Ascent_-_65_-_Casa%C3%B1o_Overa_glacier_%286834408616%29.jpg 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4838","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4838"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4838\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5105,"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4838\/revisions\/5105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4838"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4838"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afutureworththinkingabout.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4838"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}